 หัวเรื่อง:ไม่มีชื่อไทย (ชื่ออังกฤษ : Enhancement of the Two-Stage Process for Producing Biodiesel from High Free Fatty Acid Mixed Crude Palm Oil) ผู้เขียน: Surachai Jansri, Gumpon Prateepchaikul สื่อสิ่งพิมพ์:pdf AbstractA two-stage process (esterifi cation followed by transesterifi cation) was investigated in biodiesel production from mixed crude palm oil (MCPO) having high free fatty acid (FFA). For the required methyl ester content greater than 96.5 wt%, the two-stage process could produce biodiesel obtaining 95% yield under a molar ratio of 10:1 of methanol to FFA and 10 wt% of sulfuric acid based on FFA, and a molar ratio of 6:1 of methanol to initial triglyceride (TG) and 0.6 %wt/v of sodium hydroxide based on the initial TG at 60 ?C with a total production time of 11 hr 35 min. |
หัวเรื่อง:ไม่มีชื่อไทย (ชื่ออังกฤษ : Comparison of Biodiesel Production from High Free Fatty Acid, Crude Coconut Oil via Saponification followed by Transesterification or a Two-Stage Process) ผู้เขียน:Surachai Jansri, Gumpon Prateepchaikul สื่อสิ่งพิมพ์:pdf AbstractSaponification followed by a transesterification process (SFT) or a two-stage process (TSP) were investigated for biodiesel production from high free fatty acid (FFA), crude coconut oil. In SFT, the effects of the concentration of NaOH solution on free fatty acid reduction were investigated. The oil from saponification after cleaning was used as a raw material to produce biodiesel. For TSP, the effects of methanol and H2SO4 on free fatty acid reduction were determined using various amounts of methanol catalyzed by H2SO4 and with different amounts of H2SO4 in methanol. Then, the de-acidified oil was used to produce biodiesel. All reactions were carried out at 60?C and monitored by titration and thin layer chromatography/flame ionization detection. The suitable conditions of SFT for obtaining 99% by weight methyl ester content were: 15 v% of water, 36 v% of methanol and 19.9 %wt/v of NaOH, yielding 45.6% in 26 h. Like methyl ester concentration, TSP could produce 86.6% yield of biodiesel under 5 v% of H2SO4, 37 v% of methanol and 2.5 %wt/v of NaOH in 14.25 h. Finally, the biodiesel cost was approximately 57.09 and 32.02 THB/L by SFT and TSP, respectively. Therefore, TSP was considered more suitable for producing biodiesel from high FFA crude coconut oil because it was quicker, cheaper and produced a higher yield. |
หัวเรื่อง:ไม่มีชื่อไทย (ชื่ออังกฤษ : Feasibility of Using Ultrasound-Assisted Biodiesel Production from Degummed-Deacidifi ed Mixed Crude Palm Oil Using Small-Scale Circulation) ผู้เขียน:Krit Somnuk, Pruittikorn Smithmaitrie, Gumpon Prateepchaikul สื่อสิ่งพิมพ์:pdf AbstractA transesterifi cation reaction of degummed-deacidifi ed mixed crude palm oil (DDMCPO) with methanol in the presence of alkali-catalyst NaOH was performed in a 400 W small-scale ultrasonic circulation process at a low frequency of 20 kHz with an input capacity of 4 ? 100 W. The various parameters used were methanol (16, 23 and 30% by volume) and a base catalyst of 3, 5 and 7 g NaOH per liter of oil. The results of the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion with and without ultrasonic irradiation assistance were compared and showed that the maximum FAME conversion of 92.5% by weight could be achieved with 7 g NaOH per liter of oil and 23% by volume methanol with a reaction temperature of 45 oC and a total residence time of more than 6 min. Furthermore, these conditions were used to compare the effect of FAME conversion with and without the ultrasonic irradiation. The results clearly indicated that circulation of the mixture using ultrasound energy had more signifi cant potential in the conversion of oil to FAME than the circulation of the mixture through the reactor without ultrasound energy. Consequently, the use of ultrasound irradiation can reduce the reaction time and increase the FAME conversion. |
หัวเรื่อง:ไม่มีชื่อไทย (ชื่ออังกฤษ : Acid-Catalyzed Esterification: A Technique for Reducing High Free Fatty Acid in Mixed Crude Palm Oil) ผู้เขียน:Surachai Jansri, Gumpon Prateepchaikul, Sukritthira B. Ratanawilai สื่อสิ่งพิมพ์:pdf AbstractAcid-catalyzed esterification for reducing high free fatty acid (FFA) in mixed crude palm oil (MCPO) was investigated in a constant-temperature hot water bath based on parameters such as the speed of stirrer, the catalyst concentration (H2SO4), the molar ratio of methanol to oil and reaction temperature. The samples were analyzed by Thin Layer Chromatography for determining the decrease of FFA in MCPO. The high FFA in MCPO was rapidly reduced to less than 1%wt in the first 30 seconds under the reaction conditions of a 3:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil and 0.8%wt H2SO4 at 60 ?C. |
หัวเรื่อง:ไม่มีชื่อไทย (ชื่ออังกฤษ : Optimization of High Free Fatty Acid Reduction in Mixed Crude Palm Oil Using Ultrasound: A Response Surface Methodology Approach) ผู้เขียน:Krit Somnuk, Thanansak Theppaya, Pruittikorn Smithmaitrie, Gumpon Prateepchaikul สื่อสิ่งพิมพ์:pdf AbstractReduction of the acid value in mixed crude palm oil (MCPO) with methanol and acid-catalyst H2SO4 was carried out in an ultrasonic homogenizer at a low-frequency of 18 kHz with 1,000 W. This work was undertaken with fixed values of 1.62 W.mm-2 for the high surface power density at the horn tip and 20 W.mL-2 for the volumetric acoustic energy. The objective was to determine the relationship between various important parameters and the response variable of acid-catalyzed esterification to obtain the lowest acid value. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the operating parameters of the ultrasonic esterification process. A 5-level, 3-factor, central composite design was applied to optimize the three key reaction variables (methanol concentration, sulfuric acid concentration and ultrasonic irradiation time) to reduce the acid value of the MCPO from 28 mg.g-1 KOH to less than 2 mg.g-1 KOH. The results indicated that the factors have significant effects on the reduction of the acid value. Furthermore, optimization of the reduction of the acid value could be achieved with 24.8% (by volume) methanol, 3.7% (by volume) sulfuric acid and an ultrasonic irradiation time of 96 s. |